有害物品运输的总风险分析

随着工业的发展,有害物品的生产量和运输量均在逐年增加,有害物品对环境和人的危害正在扩大和加深。有害物品运输中的风险是有害物品对于人类、环境和财产等方面威胁的最为重要的组成部分。笔者将有害物品的运输风险分为人口风险、环境风险和财产风险3个部分;在基于事故发生率和事故产生的后果两个方面,分别对人口风险、环境风险和财产风险进行了度量,并给出了风险度量的模型。同时由于各个部分风险度量的量纲并不统一,笔者对3部分风险进行了度量的统一化,获得了总风险的构成,并与传统的单独考虑人口风险的情况进行了对比,为有害物品的运输提供了参考依据。     

Wild pig populations in the National Parks

Populations of introduced European wild boar, feral pigs, and combinations of both types (all Susscrola L.) inhabit thirteen areas in the National Park Service system. All parks have relatively stable populations, with the exception of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which reported a rapidly expanding wild boar population. Suspected and documented impacts were apparently related to pig densities and sensitivity of the ecosystem; the three largest units with dense wild pig populations reported the most damage. Overall, wild pigs are a relatively minor problem for the Park Service; however, problems are severe in at least three parks, and there is potential for invasion of wild boars into several additional parks in the Appalachian Mountains. More specific information is needed on numbers of wild pigs and their impacts in the various parks.     

ZONES OF NITRIFICATION1

ABSTRACT: This paper advances the hypothesis that nitrification exists in shallow streams as a result of surface activity and in estuaries due to growth in the water phase. Between these zones no significant levels of nitrification occur. Field measurements of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen, enumerations of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter, and respirometry on two small streams and two moderately large rivers are presented. The appropriate mathematical models to describe nitrification must be based on the mechanisms involved - bacterial growth kinetics for estuaries and zero kinetics for the surface activity in shallow streams.     

云南地区地震灾害损失的基本特征

云南是我国地震灾害损失最为严重的地区之一。地震灾害损失评估标准实施以来，云南地区积累了较丰富的地震灾害损失评估资料。以1992～2001年云南地区破坏性地震的灾害损失评估资料为基础，分析了地震灾害损失随时间的变化特征，初步探讨了地震震级与受灾人口、人员伤亡和地震灾害经济损失等方面的关系。结果表明：(1)随着社会经济的不断发展和社会财富的不断积累，等同地震能量所造成的经济损失呈逐渐增大的趋势；(2)在空间上，由于各灾区的经济发展状况不同，等同地震能量所造成的灾害损失存在着地区差异性；(3)地震灾害损失随震级增大而增大，但二者之间并非简单的线性关系，其中生命线工程及其它特殊工程结构、重大工程设施、大型企业等的经济损失随震级的增大而以更大的比例增大。     

Assessment of the Ecological Integrity of Traunsee (Austria) Via Analysis of Sediments and Benthic Microbial Communities

Since nearly one hundred years Traunsee experiences the import of tons of liquid and solid waste originating from salt and soda production. Today, the lake exhibits chloride concentrations of up to 170 mg L^-1 and 19% of the lake floor are directly or indirectly influenced by industrial deposits (ID). Based on the comparison of several microbial parameters in unaffected, directly affected and intermediate lake bottom sediments, the ecological integrity of the lake was evaluated. The highly alkaline ID, which were exclusively colonized by microorganisms, harbored a bacterial community reduced by a factor of 10 in abundance and biomass compared to undisturbed sediment areas within the lake. The bacterial community of ID was furthermore characterized by a reduced content of actively respiring cells (INT-formazan reduction), a lower frequency of dividing cells (FDC) and a significantly reduced cell and biomass production. A 80 to 90% reduction in carbon recycling is estimated for the area exclusively covered by ID. Protists, although occasionally absent from the industrial sediments, were in general found to be less sensitive to the contaminant stress. Differences in alkalinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of sediment porewaters as well as the total organic content and C/N ratios of sediments partly explain the microbial pattern observed at the various sampling sites. Possible consequences of the continuous industrial tailings for the whole lake ecosystem and the validation of the ecological integrity are discussed.     

In situ Measurement of Daphnia longispina Grazing on Algae and Bacteria in a High Mountain Lake (Lake Paione Superiore,Northern Italy) using Fluorescently Labeled Cells

Grazing impact of Daphnia longispina on phytoplankton and bacteria in Lake Paione Superiore (Northern Italy) was evaluated using fluorescently labeled cells in short-term in situ experiments. Structure and size distribution of Daphnia were studied weekly from its appearance in July to its decline in September. Relative importance of algae and bacteria in the diet varied over time, as did consequently the relative impact of Daphnia on the phytoplankton and bacteria populations. Biomass of bacteria in the diet of Daphnia varied from 1 to 42%, and was highest at the beginning of population development when young individuals dominated. The percent biomass of algae in the diet increased with population development, ranging from 58 to 99%. Daphnia population consumed per hour 0.04–1.8% of bacteria and 0.3–17.6% of phytoplankton abundances.     

大熊猫主食竹种秆龄鉴定及种群动态评估

四川西南部和西北部中山、亚高山森森下，竹源丰富，其中：拐棍竹和冷箭竹是大熊猫的主食竹种，作者１９８２－１９８７年进行竹类生态研究；通过固定样方观察和带标志茎秆记录分析，发现竹杆和笋箨的颜色，以及主枝叶鞘与枝节数的变化和竹子秆龄的增长密切相关，可以作为鉴定竹秆年龄的依据。根据竹子的秆龄结构，应用负指数函数模型，可以估算竹子种群的增长量和死亡率，评估竹子的种群动态变化，可为主管部门制定保护大熊猫规划规     

职业人群健康监护信息管理系统的研究

健康监护信息管理系统可以对尘肺发生、发展情况进行跟踪与监视。也反映了对这一职业人群职业病监测的信息从收集、贮存到处理、利用,建立一个完整的反馈系统的重要意义。该系统结构合理、功能性强、程序设计简洁清晰、运行可靠,达到了规范化、标准化的要求。通过对这一职业人群的医学监护,可以及时分析全省工业中尘肺发展动态,从而为防治尘肺的科学决策提供可靠依据,并为深入开展尘肺病因学、流行病学、卫生学科研工作奠定基础。     

Effects of tourist population pressure on pollution of coastal seas

Coastal tourism continues to be an important industry for many countries. Improper planning, however, frequently results in the deterioration of the coastal waters in newly opened tourist resorts. Avoidance of this situation can be achieved by predetermining the bearing capacity of the site, which is very costly and time consuming. After an extensive study, the author previously had developed an equation by which the effects of the increase in tourist population on coastal water quality can be determined. The microbial pollution, which is indicated by coliform concentration, is a function of human population, intensity of light, turbidity, temperature of seawater, human population density, and the coastal characteristics coefficients. By using the equation, the bering capacity of a site can be determined easily. The purpose of the present study is the verification of the equation. To achieve this, a study was conducted at another tourist resourt, Cesme, where 1764 observations were made. The results, regardless of the small differences in the coefficients obtained, indicate that the proposed method can be used to determine the bearing capacity of the system as well as the extent of microbial pollution. This accelerates and simplifies the prediction and the prevention of possible negative effects that can be caused by opening coastal areas to tourism.     

Response of Georges Bank cod to periodic and nonperiodic oil spill events

In the management of conflicting dual-resource systems such as continental shelf hydrocarbon extraction and commercial fishing operations, it is necessary to consider the possibility of repeated impact events. The potential magnitude of impacts on Georges Bank fisheries of single oil spill events has been addressed in detail elsewhere (Reed and Spaulding 1979, Reed and others 1980, Spaulding and others 1982). An oil spill-fishery impact estimation model, implemented for the Georges Bank cod fishery (Reed and others 1980), has been used to investigate the potential for nonlinear biological responses to periodic and nonperiodic repetitive spill events. Prerecruit mortality equations incorporating young-of-the-year as well as adult-juvenile interactions, perform acceptably vis-à-vis the historical catch record, but show highly variable behavior under recruitment reductions induced by periodic simulated spills. The results demonstrate the importance of selecting mathematical representations of biological and physical processes underlying population dynamics such that characteristic system behavior is adequately represented in both the time and frequency domains.